Question
What diagnostic classifications are used in temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD), and how do they guide treatment?
Answer
Diagnostic classifications for temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD) are divided into two main categories: Axis I and Axis II.
Axis I: Focuses on the physical and structural aspects of TMD. It includes:
- Masticatory Muscle Disorders: Conditions such as myofascial pain, overuse, or guarding of the masticatory muscles.
- TMJ Disorders: Issues like disc displacement, joint inflammation, or capsular dysfunction.
- Cervical Headaches: Headaches originating from cervical structures or secondary causes, such as trauma, infection, or psychosocial factors.
Axis II: Addresses the psychosocial and pain-related aspects of TMD, focusing on how stress, anxiety, and coping mechanisms affect the patient’s symptoms and disability levels.
Proper classification helps clinicians design tailored treatment plans and identify the need for interdisciplinary care, ensuring both physical and psychological aspects are addressed.
This Ask the Expert is an edited excerpt from the course, "Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction Made Simple: A Practical Primer on Evaluation and Treatment," presented by Samuel Park, PT, DPT, OCS, CSCS, CMTPT, and Abigail Nowakowski, PT, DPT.
